Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry

 

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Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 11, No. 3, 397-405 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1359104506059135

A Parent-report Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children: A Cross-national, Cross-clinic Comparative Analysis

Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis

Free University Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands

Madeleine Wallien

Free University Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands

Laurel L. Johnson

Allison F.H. Owen-Anderson

Susan J. Bradley

Kenneth J. Zucker

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Canada

A one-factor, 14-item parent-report Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC) was developed in a sample of 325 clinic-referred children with gender identity problems and 504 controls from Toronto, Canada (Johnson et al., 2004). In this study, we report a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of the GIQC on gender-referred children (N = 338) from Toronto and gender-referred children (N = 175) from Utrecht, The Netherlands. Across clinics, the results showed both similarities and differences. Gender-referred boys from Utrecht had a significantly higher total score (indicating more cross-gender behavior) than did gender-referred boys from Toronto, but there was no significant difference for girls. In the Toronto sample, the gender-referred girls had a significantly higher total score than the gender-referred boys, but there was no significant sex difference in the Utrecht sample. Across both clinics, gender-referred children who met the complete DSM criteria for gender identity disorder (GID) had a significantly higher cross-gender score than the gender-referred children who were subthreshold for GID (Cohen'sd = 1.11). The results of this study provide the first empirical evidence of relative similarity in cross-gender behavior in a sample of gender-referred children from western Europe when compared to North American children. The results also provide some support for cross-clinic consistency in clinician-based diagnosis of GID.

Key Words: DSM-IV • Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children • gender identity disorder • gender role


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