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Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
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Early Predictors of Helpless Thoughts and Behaviors in Children: Developmental Precursors to Depressive Cognitions

David A. Cole

Vanderbilt University, USA, david.cole{at}vanderbilt.edu

Dana E. Warren

Vanderbilt University, USA

Danielle H. Dallaire

Vanderbilt University, USA

Beth Lagrange

Vanderbilt University, USA

Rebekah Travis

Vanderbilt University, USA

Jeffrey A. Ciesla

Vanderbilt University, USA

Learned helplessness behavior and cognitions were assessed in 95 kindergarten-age children during a series of impossible puzzle trials followed by a solvable puzzle trial. Latent growth curve analysis revealed reliable individual differences in the trajectories of children's affect, motivation, and self-cognitions over time. Parents' reports of negative life events, harsh/negative parenting, and warm/positive parenting were associated with their children's learned helplessness behavioral trajectories and outcomes over the course of the puzzle trials. Results support speculations about the developmental origins of depressive explanatory or attributional style in children.

Key Words: attributional style • children • cognitive style • depression • explanatory style • learned helplessness

Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 12, No. 2, 295-312 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1359104507075936


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